Structuralism
Phân tích các thành phần cơ bản của mind như sensations, feelings, thoughts; Wundt & Titchener; introspection/self-observation.
Hệ thống kiến thức nền về tâm lý học, cảm giác–tri giác, trí nhớ–tư duy, cảm xúc–stress và khung phân loại operant qua khái niệm và ví dụ thực hành.
Psychology là scientific study of the mind and behavior, quan tâm cách con người nghĩ, cảm nhận và hành động ở cấp độ cá nhân/nhóm.
Psychology: the scientific study of the mind and behavior.
Các mối quan tâm gồm perception, emotion, learning, memory, personality, social interactions và underlying biological processes; định hướng chung còn nhắc đến understanding/explaining, mental health, personal development và well-being.
“What is happening?” — observe/describe objectively.
Tìm lý do vì sao behavior xảy ra.
Khi nào / vì sao / bằng cách nào behavior có thể xảy ra trong tương lai.
Cách behavior có thể thay đổi: dừng, tạo ra hoặc thay đổi cường độ.
Phân tích các thành phần cơ bản của mind như sensations, feelings, thoughts; Wundt & Titchener; introspection/self-observation.
Tập trung purpose/function của mental processes và behavior; William James, Darwinian evolution; adaptation/problem solving.
Mind/behavior như organized whole; perception được tổ chức thành patterns/wholes. “The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”
Mô hình iceberg gồm: conscious, preconscious, unconscious; Ego–reality/mediation; Superego–ideals/morals; Id–basic impulses/immediate gratification.
Observable/measurable behavior; environment, rewards & punishments; ví dụ homework reward và animal training.
Stimulus → Cognitive Structures → Response; stimulus được gán meaning và so với previous knowledge/experience trước response.
Hierarchy 5 levels: Physiological → Safety → Love/belonging → Esteem → Self-actualization.
Human existence, freedom, meaning, individual responsibility, inevitability of choice; authentic self-exploration và purposeful living amid uncertainty.
Sơ đồ tập trung vào các lớp và mối liên hệ chính.
Examples: homework reward · animal training.
Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion.
Safety: body, employment, resources, morality, family, health, property.
Love/belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy.
Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of/by others.
Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts.
Research được chia thành quantitative / qualitative.
| Method | Mục đích | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Manipulate independent variable để xem effect lên dependent variable, kiểm soát extraneous factors. | Sleep deprivation → cognitive performance |
| Correlational | Examine relationship giữa ≥2 variables, không manipulation. | Stress level ↔ academic performance |
| Naturalistic observation | Observe trong natural environment. | Playground behavior |
| Controlled observation | Observe trong structured setting. | Laboratory behavior |
| Case study | In-depth analysis cá nhân, group hoặc event. | Rare psychological disorder in one person |
| Survey / questionnaire | Structured self-report từ large group. | Public opinions on mental-health stigma |
| Interview | Direct conversation: structured = pre-set questions; unstructured = open-ended/flexible. | Phần này giới thiệu phương pháp; chưa có ví dụ riêng. |
| Longitudinal | Same participants over extended time. | Cognitive development childhood → adulthood |
| Cross-sectional | Different groups at one point. | Stress among teenagers, adults, seniors |
Manipulate an independent variable to determine its effect on a dependent variable while controlling extraneous factors. Example: sleep deprivation → cognitive performance.
Examine relationships between two or more variables without manipulation. Example: stress level ↔ academic performance.
Naturalistic: natural environment, e.g. playground behavior. Controlled: structured setting, e.g. laboratory.
In-depth analysis of an individual, group or event; Ví dụ: rare psychological disorder in one person.
Structured self-report data from a large group; Ví dụ: public opinions on mental-health stigma.
Detailed direct face-to-face/virtual conversation; structured = pre-set questions; unstructured = open-ended/flexible discussion.
Same participants over extended time; Ví dụ: cognitive development childhood → adulthood.
Different groups at one point; Ví dụ: stress levels among teenagers, adults and seniors.
Sleep amount is manipulated and cognitive performance is observed.
Stress levels are compared among teenagers, adults and seniors at one point in time.